Kev Vov Tsev Cov Ntawv Ci, Nrog Rau Nws Cov Hom Nrog Cov Lus Piav Qhia, Yam Ntxwv Thiab Tshuaj Xyuas, Nrog Rau Kev Ua Thiab Siv Cov Yam Ntxwv

2024 Tus sau: Bailey Albertson | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-17 22:35

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub vov tsev ntawv profiled: hom, cuab yeej siv rau kev ua haujlwm, kev pab lub neej

Nyob rau xyoo lawm tsis ntev los no, hauv kev tsim kho cov tsev ntiag tug thiab vaj tse pej xeem, cov ntawv hlau yog nce rau kev vov tsev. Kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov, kev ntseeg siab, kom zoo nkauj, kev khwv nyiaj txiag - qhov no tsuas yog ib qho me me ntawm qhov zoo ntawm corrugated board, uas txiav txim siab nws txoj haujlwm ua tus cwj pwm hauv kev ntaus nqi ntawm cov vov tsev.

Cov Ntsiab Lus

• 1 Daim ntawv vov tsev

  • 1.1 Cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov vov vov ntawv
  • 1.2 Cov kev sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov vov tsev cov ntawv profiled thiab phab ntsa

• 2 Hom ntawv tshaj lij rau cov vov tsev

  2.1 Cov khoom kos cim

• 3 Cov hau kev rau kev txiav vov ntawv vov cov ntawv profiled

  3.1 Yees duab: dab tsi cov cuab yeej los txiav ib daim ntawv profiled

• 4 Kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm cov vov tsev cov ntawv qib siab profiled

  • 4.1 Cov Chaw Sau Ntawv: cov ntawv khoov siab rau lub ru tsev ntawm ntau cov tsev
  • 4.2 Yees duab: yuav ua li cas xaiv tus kheej tapping screws rau kho corrugated board

• 5 Muab xam los ntawm cov ntawv profiled rau vov

  5.1 Yees duab: yuav ua li cas xaiv txoj cai ntev ntawm ib daim ntawv ntawm corrugated board

• 6 Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm
• 7 Ntsuas xyuas qhov tsis muaj qab hau ntawm cov vov tsev

Daim ntawv vov tsev

Cov niaj hnub galvanized steel profiled decking yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev teeb tsa ntawm cov ru tsev nrog ib txoj kab nqes tshaj 5 °. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv profiled muag yog siv los ntawm cov tswv tsev ntiag tug thaum nruab lub ru tsev. Ntxiv rau, cov khoom siv no yog siv rau hauv kev tsim kho vaj tse rau ntau lub hom phiaj:

• gazebos, awnings thiab canopies;
• cov ntawv kos me me - kiosks, chav nres tsheb, khw muag khoom me thiab tsev noj mov;
• cov khoom loj-chaw nres tsheb - chaw nres tsheb pabcuam, chaw nres tsheb pauv, dai, tsev ua qauv chaw.

Daim ntawv ua daim ntawv profiled sib txawv hauv qhov zoo li nthwv dej, nws qhov siab thiab xim ntawm lo

Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm lub vov npog yog ua kom lub ru tsev tsis pom zoo thiab ntseeg tau. Decking rau lub ru tsev sib txawv los ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv kev ua kom nruj, laim ntoom ib puag ncig, tuab siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom lag luam dov thiab lub peev txheej siab.

Qhov zoo ntawm cov vov tsev ntawv

Lub ntsiab zoo ntawm corrugated board muaj xws li:

1. Yooj Yim. Nws qhov hnyav yog 4.5-7 kg / m ², uas ua rau lub ru tsev tsis ntog.
2. Lub zog. Kev ua haujlwm ntev ntev txhav txhav txhav ua rau muaj kev thev naus laus zis ua rau kev puas tsuaj. Piv nrog rau daim ntawv ncaj, cov ntaub ntawv profiled yog tsawg kawg 3 zaug ntau zog.
3. Lub sijhawm ruaj. Cov neeg tsim khoom tshaj tawm cov sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev txog 25 xyoos. Qhov tseeb, daim ntawv vov tsev cov ntawv vov tsev yuav nyob ntev li 40-60 xyoo. Tom qab lub sijhawm no, nws tuaj yeem siv rov qab rau lwm lub hom phiaj.
4. Yooj yim ntawm installation. Kev hloov pauv tau yooj yim thiab tso cai yooj yim ua rau koj ua kom lub tsev qub nrog cov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov nyuaj. Kev ua hauj lwm rau qis siab thiab noo noo ua rau nws tuaj yeem nruab lub ru tsev hauv txhua lub caij.
5. Nyiaj tau zoo. Tus nqi ntawm daim ntawv profiled yog qis dua tus nqi ntawm ntau lwm cov ntaub ntawv vov tsev. Lub cev nyhav qis qis me me tso cai koj txuag tau ntawm lub hauv paus thiab cov kab ke. Cov nqi thauj khoom, tuav thiab teeb tsa ua haujlwm raug txo.
6. Kev zoo nkauj. Cov xim xim dav ntawm cov polymer txheej thiab cov kev pab tsis muaj zog uas tsis kam los pab ua rau sab nrauv ntawm lub tsev ua tiav zoo lossis ua kom pom tseeb ntawm lub ru tsev tshwj xeeb.
7. Kev nyab xeeb ntawm hluav taws, tiv thaiv rau kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev xeb thiab hnub ci ultraviolet hluav taws xob, ib puag ncig kev ua phooj ywg.

Kev tshaj lij cov qauv tsim thiab cov kev xaiv ua tiav ntawm cov khoom sib txawv hauv lub tsev thiab nws lub ru tsev los ntawm cov txheej txheem monotonous

Qhov tsis zoo ntawm corrugated board muaj xws li cov qij qis ntawm lub suab rwb thaiv tsev thiab qhov cuam tshuam rau xeb hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv tshuab lossis tshuaj lom neeg rau kev tiv thaiv txheej. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub ru tsev yog insulated nrog ntxhia pob zeb, qhov zoo ntawm nws lub suab rwb thaiv tsev nce pom ntau yam, thiab kev tshuaj xyuas tsis tu ncua thiab kho lub sijhawm ntawm lub ru tsev ua rau nws tau ntev nws lub neej kev pab.

Lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm cov vov ntawv profiled thiab phab ntsa

Profiled hlau canvases yog siv rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov faadesade, laj kab, phab ntsa, muab faib thiab ru tsev. Cov vov tsev profiled ntawv muaj qee qhov sib txawv:

1. Txhawm rau kom muaj zog txaus ntawm lub ru tsev, cov ntawv nrog nthwv dej qhov siab tsawg kawg yog 20 hli siv los npog nws: ntawm 21 hli txog 57 hli.
2. Cov vuas vov tsev muaj cov ntawv sau uas muaj cov qhov trapezoidal profile, uas yog muab cov dej ntws tawm tsis muaj dej ntau thaum muaj nag thiab daus los.
3. Qhov siab ntawm cov profile ridge yog coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum txhim kho lub ru tsev: qhov me me ntawm txoj kab nqes, qhov ntau yoj ntawm daim ntawv. Nto lawj, thaum nruab ib lub ru tsev nrog rau nqes hav me ntsis, yuav kom dav dav dav thaum dai khoom. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev ua kom cov khoom siv yuav ua rau nce ntxiv, nce tus nqi kawg ntawm cov xim txheej.
4. Ntawm ntug ntawm cov vov tsev muaj ib qho capillary zawj, uas muab kev tiv thaiv ntxiv los tiv thaiv qhov ntws ntawm sedimentary thiab hws dej tob rau hauv cov vov tsev cov ncuav mog qab zib.

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qis-zoo profiled ntawv, qhov capillary zawj yog deformed thiab ua tsis muaj qab hau

Capillary zawj muab kev tiv thaiv ntxiv tiv thaiv kev ya raws hauv qhov chaw saum ru tsev

Qhov kev xaiv kom yog ntawm profiled vov npog txiav txim siab nws qhov kev ntseeg tau tiv thaiv tiv thaiv to.

Hom ntawv tshaj lij rau cov vov tsev

Thaum kev faib qeb profiled flooring, cov tuab ntawm cov hlau, qhov siab ntawm cov tav thiab qhov deb ntawm lawv yog coj mus rau hauv tus account.

Rau cov ntawv sau hlau siv hauv kev tsim khoom, ntawv ci profiled tau muab faib ua ntau hom:

• ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj txheej tiv thaiv;
• kub-dip galvanized;
• kub-dip galvanized, them nrog xim tiv thaiv thiab xim zoo nkauj txheej;
• ua los ntawm txhuas, chromium-npib tsib xee hlau, tooj liab;
• lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb: khoov, perforated, textured embossing, thiab lwm yam.

Profiled hlau sheeting yog stamped nrog ib tug tuab ntawm 0.3-1 mm.

Txawv ntau hom ntawv profiled yuav siv tau rau:

• vov tsev;
• kev teeb tsa ntawm cov qauv ntawv ruaj khov rau monolithic thiab interfloor plag tsev;
• installation ntawm phab ntsa, partitions thiab laj kab.

Hauv kev hais txog ntawm cov duab geometry, cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem ua laim ntoom thiab trapezoidal, uas, nyeg, tuaj yeem muaj cov kab sib npaug, tau txhawb nqa nrog qhov zawj lossis muaj cov duab ntawm ib txwm muaj trapezoid.

Cov cim khoom siv

Ntawm daim ntawv lo ntawm daim ntawv profiled, cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam qhia lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom, qhov siab ntawm lub caj dab, qhov dav siv ntawm cov ntawv thiab tuab ntawm cov hlau.

Cov ntawv hauv qab no yog kev lees paub los ntawm Lavxias GOST:

1. "N" yog tus xa khoom.
2. "C" - ntsa.
3. "NS" yog kev thoob tsib.

Tsab ntawv "R" nyob rau hauv kev tsim qauv ntawm cov qauv profiled qhia tau tias muaj qhov zuaj capillary, "A" thiab "B" hais txog kev pleev xim, "AC" lossis "AK" paub meej tias txheej nrog txhuas nrog zinc lossis silicon. Ntxiv rau, hom polymer txheej tau qhia nyob rau hauv kev kos.

Kev kos cim ntawm daim ntawv profiled qhia nws lub hom phiaj, qhov siab ntawm lub zuag thiab qhov dav siv tau

Txhua hom ntawm cov ntawv vov no yog siv rau cov vov tsev, raws li lawv tau ua los ntawm cov hlau dov ntawm cov thicknesses sib txawv. Kev lig kev cai, lub ru tsev yog them nrog cov khoom siv thoob ntiaj teb (NS) ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis xeb hlau loj 0.35–0.7 hli tuab nrog lossis tsis muaj cov tiv thaiv polymer txheej.

Cov hau kev rau kev txiav vov vov cov ntawv vov profiled

Cov teeb meem loj thaum txiav cov ntawv profiled yog los ua kom muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov khoom kom zoo nkauj thiab tiv thaiv txheej txheem, qhov kev ua txhaum uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlau thiab ua kom lub neej luv luv ntawm lub ru tsev. Cov txheej txheem kub, piv txwv li, siv lub autogen, tsis tuaj yeem siv, vim tias cov txheej polymer yuav ua kom tsis zoo los ntawm kev sib kis kub. Feeb ntau, cov ntawv txheeb tau txiav:

1. Ntsuas. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem yog qhov ntsug teeb tsa ntawm tus txha hniav uas yuav tsum tau txiav. Muaj ntau tus pab cuam los tuav cov ntawv txiav. Cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob hauv tsev tsis tshua muaj siab tiv nrog daim ntawv tuab ntawm tsis ntau tshaj 0.2 hli. Lub nraus ntug yuav tsum tau ua dua tshiab.
2. Ib qho hacksaw rau hlau. Nrog rau qhov me me ntawm kev ua haujlwm - kev xaiv zoo. Yooj yim thiab nyab xeeb, txawm txiav los ntawm tsis muaj nqis, tab sis maj mam thiab tsuas yog hauv txoj kab ncaj nraim.
3. Nrog hluav taws xob pom. Cauj, muaj tseeb, siv zog. Qhov tsis yooj yim yog nyob ntawm qhov xav tau lub rooj rau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev muaj peev xwm txiav ntawm cov qhov ncaj xwb.
4. Los ntawm txhais tes, hluav taws xob lossis nibbling txiab rau hlau. Cov khoom lag luam muaj nuj nqis kim uas txiav cov ntawv profiled txog li 1 hli tuab sai thiab raug, tsis muaj burrs, tsis txhob khoov tus hniav. Nws yog qhov yooj yim rau siv thaum txiav cov hlua nyias.
5. Li. Rau kev ua haujlwm, tshwj xeeb txiav aluminium disc nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab lub tuab ntawm 1-1.6 hli yog siv. Ua tsaug rau cov hniav carbide, kev txiav cov hniav yog du thiab huv si. Tus kws tshaj lij muaj txuj ci nrog phau ntawv sau lub grinder (grinder) yuav txiav cov feem ntawm cov duab uas yuav tsum tau lossis txiav cov duab ceev ceev ib zaug ib zaug.

Kev txiav qhov txiav ntawm daim ntawv profiled yog tau yog tias nthwv dej qhov siab ntawm cov khoom sib raug rau txoj kab uas hla ntawm grinder lub log txiav. Kev siv ntawm lub log uas ua kom puas tsuaj tuaj yeem rhuav tshem kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov vuas vov.

Cov kws tshaj lij lub vov tsev siv cov kav hlau tsis muaj qhov txuas thaum txiav cov kav hlau corrugated, uas tso cai rau koj txiav thiab kho cov canvases thaum lub tsev nruab rau hauv cov chaw uas tsis yooj yim.

Thaum txiav daim ntawv profiled, tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej koj yuav tsum siv lub grinder nrog lub voj voog uas muaj abrasive

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov npoo ntawm cov pob qij txha, nws raug nquahu los kho cov ntsiab lus txiav ntawm qhov kawg ntawm kev txiav nrog anti-corrosion mastic thiab pleev xim lawv hauv cov xim ntawm cov xim pleev xim.

Video: dab tsi cov cuab yeej los txiav ib daim ntawv profiled

Cov kev pab cuam lub neej ntawm cov vov tsev profiled ntawv

Lub ru tsev ntawm lub tsev raug nthuav nrog kev cuam tshuam los ntawm ib puag ncig. Hnub ci ultraviolet lub teeb, lawg thiab daus, los nag hnyav, tshuaj lom neeg, kub tshaj, noog thiab ceg ntawm cov ntoo uas cog ze - txhua yam no cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub ru tsev. Ua haujlwm dhau sijhawm, lub ru tsev poob nws txoj kev ntxim nyiam, nws yuav tsum tau kho lossis ua tiav kev tsim kho.

Gallery: cov ntawv tshaj lij ntawm lub ru tsev ntawm ntau cov tuam tsev

Profiled ntawv yog siv los npog ntawm lub ru tsev ntawm ntau cov pej xeem vaj tsev

Sheds, gazebos thiab garages yog them nrog daim ntawv pheej yig profiled ntawv nrog cov tuab ntawm 0.4-0.5 hli nrog qhov nruab nrab yoj qhov siab

Cov xim muaj xim txheej zoo nkauj zoo nkauj thiab muab cov vov kev tiv thaiv ntxiv

Galvanized profiled ntawv ntev ntev txog 25 xyoo

Koj tuaj yeem npog cov vov tsev nrog cov ntawv faus nrog cov qauv ntawm txhua qhov nyuaj

Ntau yam cuam tshuam rau kev pab lub neej ntawm cov profiled hniav:

1. Kev tiv thaiv npog. Kub dip galvanizing yuav kav ntev li 15-25 xyoos; txhuas ntxiv rau cov xeb yuav txuas ntxiv lub sijhawm no 5-10 xyoo. Cov ntawv cog lus zoo nkauj polymer tau thov dua txheej txheej tiv thaiv nce kev pab lub neej ntawm lub ru tsev txog 50 xyoo.
2. Qhov zoo ntawm cov ntawv tshaj lij Yog tias muaj qhov tsis xws luag thaum lub sijhawm teeb tsa (khawb, nti, pob taws), cov khoom zoo li no tsis pom zoo.
3. Corrugation qhov siab. Nrog cov daus daus hnyav, lub peev xwm ntawm txoj kev pavement tiv taus lub nra yog qhov tseem ceeb. Ib nthwv dej tsawg dua 20 hli yuav khoov hauv qab qhov muaj zog siab ntawm txheej daus txheej. Thaum cua daj cua dub dej los sis yaj dej ntws, lub pob qhov siab 35-70 hli tswj lawv txoj kev hla thiab kev tshem tawm.
4. Kho kom raug installation. Cov kev ua yuam kev ntawm kev tsim lub ru tsev (lub suab dav dav ntawm lub lathing, to ntawm cov pob qij txha, cov npoo nyoos tom qab txiav, kev siv cov khawm nrawm tsis tsim nyog rau cov khoom siv, thiab lwm yam) ua rau deformations thiab corrosion, uas ho txo cov kev pab lub neej ntawm txheej Cov.
5. Kev kho mob vov tsev. Kev kuaj xyuas tsis tu ncua thiab ntxuav lub ru tsev los ntawm ntau cov khoom paug tuaj yeem pab kom ncav sij hawm txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau lossis lwm yam kev puas tsuaj thiab ua haujlwm kho.

Thaum xaiv daim ntawv profiled rau lub ru tsev, koj yuav tsum paub koj tus kheej nrog txhua cov yam ntxwv kev ntawm cov khoom siv thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account qib uas xav tau ntawm nws lub ntsej muag

Yees duab: yuav ua li cas xaiv tus kheej tapping screws rau kho corrugated board

Xam ntawm daim ntawv profiled rau vov

Ua ntej ua cov suav nrog cov suav ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum muaj, ib qho yuav tsum txiav txim siab nws cov tsis sib xws: daim ntawv tuab, qhov siab thiab waveform, hom kev tiv thaiv txheej. Ntxiv mus, raws li cov ntaub ntawv no thiab tau paub lawv tus kheej nrog kev muab ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam niaj hnub, kev noj cov ntawv profiled yog xam siv cov qauv lossis siv lub laij lej tshwj xeeb.

Cov neeg tsim khoom lag luam muab cov ntawv faus nrog qhov ntev ntawm 40 cm txog 6 m. Yog tias xav tau, nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim kom muaj qhov loj me sib xws nrog qhov ntev ntawm lub ru tsev nqes hav. Hauv qhov dav, vim muaj ntau yam duab thiab qhov siab ntawm corrugation, cov khoom tsim tawm los ntawm 80 cm txog 1.05 m. Thaum suav cov nqi ntawm cov khoom, tsuas yog qhov dav siv ntawm daim ntawv profiled tau muab rau hauv tus account. Ntawd yog, kev sib tshooj ntawm daim ntaub txuas ntxiv tom qab yog rho tawm los ntawm qhov loj me. Qhov dav ntawm kev sib tshooj nyob ntawm lub kaum ntawm lub ru tsev nqes hav, qhov siab ntawm qhov profile thiab tuab ntawm cov hlau dov. Raws li txoj cai, 1 nthwv dej tau faib rau docking.

Rau kev suav, qhov dav siv ntawm daim ntawv feem ntau yog coj ua. i.e. nws qhov loj tag nrho txo los ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov kab rov tav

Nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj rau suav cov khoom siv ntau yam rau lub ru tsev ib lossis gable. Nrog cov qauv txheej txheem (lub duav, lub duav, lub nthab, ntau lub ntsej muag thiab lwm daim ntawv), nws raug nquahu kom mus rau qhov haujlwm tshwj xeeb lossis kev pabcuam ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse. Thaum siv txoj haujlwm, nws yog qhov ua tau, los ntawm kev hloov qee yam tsis xws luag, piv rau cov txiaj ntsig tau txais. Lub ru tsev muab xam coj mus rau hauv tus account lub ru tsev nqes hav, kev sib tshooj dav, tsev fuabtais pem teb thiab lwm yam. Ntxiv mus, tag nrho cov kev txheeb xyuas tau ua tiav zoo thiab sai.

Koj tuaj yeem suav cov ntaub ntawv koj tus kheej lossis siv cov kev pabcuam ntawm cov kws tshaj lij

Thaum ua cov kev suav nrog manually, thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw ib cheeb tsam yog thawj zaug suav ua ntej. Tom qab ntawd ntxiv cov ntu ntawm cov duab peb sab, trapezoidal thiab lwm cov duab geometric, thiab tseem coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov ntev ntawm qhov kawg thiab eaves overhangs.

Ntxiv nrog rau cov khoom siv tseem ceeb, nws tseem yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account ntxiv cov ntsiab lus. Rau cov cuab yeej ntawm lub ru tsev, koj yuav xav tau cov caj qaum, lub tsev taug kev, tus tsim kev, lub hav, daus daus, ib qho eaves thiab kawg xaus, nrog rau ntsaws rau qee lub ntsiab.

Lub corrugated board yog fastened nrog tus kheej tapping screws nrog tshwj xeeb roj hmab gaskets. Txog 1 m ^{2 ntawm} kev duav, lawv xav tau 7-9 pcs.

Thaum nqa tawm cov kev suav, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los laij cov naj npawb ntawm txhua qhov xav tau ntxiv

Nrog rau qhov tseeb suav ntawm cov naj npawb ntawm cov ntawv txheeb ntawm corrugated board, cov ntsiab lus ntxiv thiab ceev ceev, cov khib nyiab ntawm cov khoom siv yog qhov tsawg, pov tseg ntawm lub sijhawm thiab nyiaj txiag rau kev yuav khoom ntawm cov khoom ploj yog tshem tawm.

Yees duab: yuav ua li cas xaiv txoj cai ntev ntawm ib daim ntawv ntawm corrugated board

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm

Lub ru tsev ntawm corrugated board tsis tas yuav muaj kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Hmoov av, nplooj thiab cov khoom me me muab ntxuav los ntawm nag. Cov ceg loj nyob hauv kwj ha thiab txhaws raug tshem tawm los ntawm txhais tes. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo (ze rau ntawm qhov chaw tsim tawm uas tso cov khoom tiav rau hauv qhov chaw muaj huab cua, hauv thaj chaw uas muaj cov ntsev dej hiav txwv, thiab lwm yam), cov qog thiab kab tawm ntawm cov xim txheej, uas tuaj yeem tshem tau yooj yim nrog txhuam txhuam thiab dej xau. Ib xyoos ib zaug, nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav tom qab daus yaj los yog lub caij nplooj zeeg ua ntej pib huab cua txias, lub ru tsev yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib. Pom cov kab nrib pleev xim pleev xim nrog cov xim pleev xim hauv cov xim txheej lossis kho nrog anti-corrosion mastic. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, lub ru tsev yog ntxuav ntawm icicles thiab daus nrog cov khoom yas lossis ntoo: txee, ntoo khawb lossis cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb.

Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm corrugated vov tsev

Tshaj li kaum xyoo dhau los, cov npe ntawm cov vov ntawv cov ntawv vov tau nce siab dua. Niaj hnub no, tsis tsuas yog cov tswv ntawm lub tebchaws cov tsev nyob thiab lub caij ntuj sov tsev so chaw so siv cov khoom siv no thaum npaj lub ru tsev. Hauv kev kho cov tsev lag luam thiab pej xeem, nyob hauv kev tsim kho cov tsev lag luam loj thiab ntau cov txheej txheem technology, ib tus txhim khu kev qha thiab zoo nkauj ntawm cov vov tsev cov ntawv vov yog nce siv.