Cov txheej txheem:
- Kev pom zoo thiab pom qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb: remontant raspberry ntau yam Bryansk txuj ci tseem ceeb
- Tseem, ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb lossis kev xav tsis thoob: muaj lus piav qhia ntawm ntau yam thiab daim duab
- Luam
- Saib xyuas
- Ntxawm
- Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm gardeners txog raspberries Bryansk xav tsis thoob
Video: Malina Bryansk Xav Tsis Thoob: Piav Qhia Thiab Cov Yam Ntxwv Ntawm Ntau Yam, Qhov Zoo Thiab Qhov Tsis Zoo, Cog Thiab Saib Xyuas Cov Yam Ntxwv + Duab Thiab Tshuaj Xyuas
2024 Tus sau: Bailey Albertson | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-31 13:28
Kev pom zoo thiab pom qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb: remontant raspberry ntau yam Bryansk txuj ci tseem ceeb
Kho cov pob zeb raspberry tau nyob ze 200 xyoo. Tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv xyoo lawm tsis ntev los no nws cov ntau yam tshwm sim, uas ua rau ib tug ntseeg hauv kev tsim ib yam tshiab ntawm cov kab lis kev cai no. Hauv ntau txoj kev sib tw, xws li cov txiv duaj zoo zoo rau lub caij ntuj sov zoo nkauj. Bryansk ntau yam tsim nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm xibfwb I. V. Kazakov, raug lees paub tias yog qhov ua tau zoo nyob hauv kev xaiv ntiaj teb. Ntawm cov khoom lag luam tshiab no yog Bryansk Marvel.
Cov Ntsiab Lus
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1 Tseem, ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb lossis xav tsis thoob: muaj lus piav qhia ntawm ntau yam thiab daim duab
- 1.1 Vim li cas kev kho kom zoo
- 1.2 Lub Rooj: qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm ntau yam
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2 tsaws nta
- 2.1 Kev npaj rau ntawm thaj chaw cog
- 2.2 Xaiv cov yub
- 2.3 Lub caij nplooj zeeg cog ntawm yub
- 2.4 Video: lus piav qhia ntawm raspberry Bryansk xav tsis thoob thiab nws cog
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3 Luam
- 3.1 Luam ntawm remontant raspberries los ntawm txiav
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3.2 Luam yug los ntawm kev loj hlob
3.2.1 Yees duab: tshaj tawm los ntawm raspberries los ntawm cov hauv paus hniav
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4 Kev Tu
- 4.1 Lub Rooj: kev noj zaub mov remontant raspberries
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4.2 Lub Rooj: cov kab mob ntawm cov remontant raspberry
4.2.1 Yees Duab: Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob
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4.3 Cov lus: yuav ua li cas paub txog cov kab tsuag
4.3.1 Cov duab khaws cia: raspberry kab
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5 Ntxawm
5.1 Cov Yees Duab: Jam tsis muaj noob Raspberry Jam
- 6 Saib xyuas ntawm gardeners txog raspberries Bryansk xav tsis thoob
Tseem, ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb lossis kev xav tsis thoob: muaj lus piav qhia ntawm ntau yam thiab daim duab
Lub Bryansk txuj ci tseem ceeb (qee zaus los ntawm kev yuam kev no raspberry hu ua Bryansk txuj ci tseem ceeb) yog ib qho loj-cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas muaj ntau qhov chaw muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev nyiam ua teb. Tsim nyob rau xyoo 2001 rau thaj av nruab nrab, tab sis tuaj yeem cog rau hauv txhua cheeb tsam ntawm lub tebchaws.
Lub tsob ntoo siab yog siab (ntawm 1.5 txog 2 m), muaj 5-7 ceg ua kom zoo nkauj, nyob ntawm cov kab. Cov qia yog tuab, muaj zog, tsis txhob sib zog hauv qab qhov hnyav ntawm qoob loo. Thorns yog nyob raws tag nrho ntev ntawm kev tua. Cov nplooj yog loj, tsaus ntsuab, to hniav.
Ripe raspberries ntawm no ntau yam tsis crumble los ntawm Bush tom qab ripening rau ib lub lim tiam
Cov txiv ntseej yog conical, fusiform, oblong, 3-4 cm ntev, ntom, thauj tau. Qhov hnyav - los ntawm 5 txog 12 g. Qhov saj ntawm berries yog qab zib thiab qaub, nrog qab ntxiag. Saj qhab nia - 4 ntsiab lus tawm ntawm 5.
Vim li cas kev kho dua tshiab zoo
Raspberry yog hu ua remontant, uas Dais txiv hmab txiv ntoo nyob rau ob qho tib si ob xyoos thiab ib xyoos tua. Tus sau rau ntawm cov ceg hluas yog cov muaj ntau dua li xyoo tas los. Yog li ntawd, nws raug nquahu kom tsis txhob tso cov ceg ceg hauv xyoo ob, tab sis kom txiav tag nrho cov ntoo hauv qab ntoo hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg thiab hlawv nws.
Kho raspberries dais txiv hmab txiv ntoo nyob rau ob qho tib si ob xyoos thiab tua
Cov lus: qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm ntau yam
Qhov zoo | tsis zoo |
Kev Tsim Khoom. | Tus tsis muaj zog tiv ntawm ntau yam rau fungal kab mob. Thaum kawg ntawm lub caij nyoog, cov nplooj cuam tshuam los ntawm me ntsis. |
Loj-ntoo. | Hauv qhov ntub dej, lub caij ntuj sov zoo, cov qoob loo tsis muaj lub sijhawm los siav ua ntej qhov pib ntawm te. |
Lub sij hawm ntev (tsis pub dhau 5-7 hnub) khaws cia ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo siav ntawm cov hav txwv yeem tsis muaj qhov lwj thiab hlais. | |
Tsis muaj cov hauv paus cag thiab nthuav dav rau ntawm qhov chaw. | |
Zoo txiv hmab txiv ntoo saj. | |
Lub sijhawm ua pa ntev ntev nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub caij nyoog, thaum txhua lwm yam txiv ntoo tau tawm mus lawm. | |
Lub peev xwm siav nyob rau ntawm kev txiav ceg muab tso rau hauv dej. | |
Thaum lub sijhawm thaum siav, cov txiv ntseej yuav tiv taus te tawm txog -3 o C. | |
Ntxiv kev tawm tsam cov kab thiab kab mob. | |
Muaj huab cua tsis kam tiv thaiv zoo, vim tias tsis muaj ib qho tua uas tuaj yeem khov, thiab cov hauv paus hniav tuaj yeem tiv taus frosts rau-25 o C. |
Cog cog remontant raspberries yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau thaum xaus Lub Kaum Hli.
Koj tuaj yeem npaj raspberry bushes hauv kab thiab hauv pawg sib cais. Qhov loj tshaj plaws yog los tswj qhov chaw nyob deb. Hauv kab - tsawg kawg 70 cm ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thiab nruab nrab ntawm trenches lossis cov ntoo ntawm ib leeg - 2 m. Ib qho yuav tsum tau ua ntej yog qhov chaw yuav tsum yog tshav ntuj thiab tiv thaiv los ntawm cua, tsis muaj dej noo. Cov dej hauv av tsis pub ntau tshaj 1.5 m.
Raspberries xav tau qhov chaw hnub ci, nyob ntawm tus cua.
Qhov chaw npaj rau cog
Rau ntau yam los qhia nws cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb, cov av hauv qab tsob nroj yuav tsum yog xoob, fertile thiab moist.
Rau lub caij nplooj zeeg cog, qhov chaw npaj nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav. Rau qhov no koj xav tau:
- Khawb thaj chaw uas tau faib rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tshem cov keeb kwm ntawm cov nroj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog wheatgrass, May beetle thiab wireworm larvae, theem nrog rake.
- Khawb trenches lossis pits 0.5 m sib sib zog nqus thiab 0.5 m dav ntawm sab qab teb mus rau sab qaum teb, tso cov txheej pov npoo (sab saum toj) rau ib sab.
- Sau rau hauv qab nrog tej daim muab tshem tawm turf nrog keeb kwm nce, tws ceg, nroj, tamp.
- Sau nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm 1 feem ntawm av zoo, 2 seem ntawm humus lossis nplooj lwg, dej xuab zeb. Ntxiv lub qhov cub tshauv ntawm cov ntoo deciduous - 1 liter rau 1 m 2.
- Ntxiv 1 tbsp. tej chiv quav ib 1 m ntawm trench lossis hauv ib qhov.
- Dej nplua nuj (2-3 thoob dej ib 1 m 2).
- Npog nrog ib daim ntaub dub tsis-ntaub thiab tawm kom txog thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg.
- Sow cov av nyob ib ncig ntawm lub trenches lossis pits npaj rau cog rau lub caij ntuj sov nrog av npog nroj tsuag nrog lub hauv paus sab hauv txoj cai xws li nyom nyom lossis qis-loj marigolds. Tshem cov nroj kom raws lub sijhawm.
Qhov chaw rau raspberries yog npaj ua ntej
Xaiv cov yub
Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau yuav cov yub hauv cov pov thawj cov chaw zov me nyuam, los ntawm cov kws paub txog gardeners koom nrog kev cog qoob loo ntawm qhov kab lis kev cai no, txhawm rau kom tsis txhob ua txhaum cai thiab poob siab. Thaum xaiv cov khoom cog nrog qhib qhov system cag, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum them sai sai rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov hauv paus hniav. Lawv yuav tsum tau txiav cov ceg thiab fibrous, cov ntoo ntawm ceg yuav tsum yog lub teeb, ib daim ntawv tshiab ntawm daim tawv yuav tsum ntsuab.
Raspberry seedlings nrog lub kaw hauv paus kaw lus tuaj yeem hloov tau txhua lub sijhawm ntawm lub xyoo, tab sis zoo dua rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav. Lub hauv paus system ntawm xws li cov nroj tsuag yuav tsum braid tag nrho qhov chaw ntawm lub lauj kaub thiab pom los ntawm lub qhov dej ntws. Koj tsis tas yuav hle lub sab saum toj thiab xaiv tawm ntawm nplooj li ntawm ib lub hav txwv yeem.
Cov noob yub nrog lub hauv paus kaw kaw tuaj yeem hloov tau txhua lub sijhawm ntawm lub xyoo, tab sis zoo dua rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav
Caij nplooj zeeg cog ntawm seedlings
Nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg, npog cov khoom siv raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev npaj trenches thiab pits. Cov noob tshuaj yog kuaj xyuas, lub hauv paus txheej txheem tshawb xyuas, lub ntsej muag dub los yog tawg yog tshem tawm, thiab lawv tau muab tso rau hauv dej rau 5-6 teev nrog ntxiv ntawm Kornevin lossis Heteroauxin kom muaj kev nyab xeeb zoo dua thiab kev txhim kho hauv paus. Tom qab ntawd lawv pib tsaws:
- Khawb cov qhov hauv cov av npaj ua tau kom haum nrog cov hauv paus pib ntawm cov yub.
- Nroj tsuag tau teeb tsa ntsug hauv lawv, ua tib zoo nthuav cov keeb kwm mus rau ob sab kom lawv tsis txhob khoov mus rau sab saud.
- Txau nrog cov av uas raug muab tshem tawm kom lub hauv paus caws ntawm qhov tua yog nyob rau tib theem li nyob hauv chaw zov me nyuam. Co lub yub kom maj mam los zom cov av ib ncig ntawm lub cag.
- Dej nplua nuj. Yog hais tias lub hauv paus yog liab qab, ntxiv lub ntiaj teb.
- Cog yog mulched nrog humus, nplooj lwg, peat, rotted sawdust.
Av ntawm remontant raspberries, cog nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg, Bloom nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov thiab muab thawj sau
Video: lus piav qhia ntawm raspberry Bryanskoe txuj ci tseem ceeb thiab nws cog
Luam
Koj tuaj yeem yug cov txiv av raspberry hauv koj thaj chaw hauv ob peb txoj kev: yub, cag ntoo thiab txiav kab.
Luam ntawm remontant raspberries los ntawm cuttings
Txij li thaum no raspberry muab heev ob peb offspring, nws muaj peev xwm tau propagated los ntawm cuttings. Lub Bush npaj rau grafting tsis tau muab tshem tawm thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg. Kev txiav tawm yog txiav los ntawm nws cov ceg thaum caij nplooj ntoo hlav. Ua li no, nruab nrab ib feem nrog 4-5 buds yog xaiv los ntawm tua.
Cov kab txiav tau muab tso rau hauv cov kua nrog ib lub cev ploj ntawm lub qub Heteroauxin lossis Kornevin rau ib hnub. Tom qab ntawd, cov ceg ntoo uas tau npaj tseg tau muab tso rau hauv qhov thiab npog nrog xoob av ua kom lub ntiaj teb muaj tsawg kawg yog ob lub noob. Los ntawm saum toj no, lub qhov npog tau tuaj yeem npog nrog tsib tsib lub taub hau yas nrog lub hau txiav thiab hauv qab hau. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los npaj lub txaj nrog seedlings hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo ib nrab thiaj li hais tias lub hnub ci tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov nplooj yau. Koj tseem tuaj yeem tsim kev txiav nyom hauv lauj kaub.
Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg zeeg ntxov, cov noob cog yog cog rau hauv qhov chaw ruaj khov.
Kev txiav tawm ntawm remontant raspberries kuj tseem tuaj yeem hauv paus hauv pots
Kev loj hlob dua
Koj muaj peev xwm propagate ib qho uas twb muaj lawm raspberry Bush nrog paus suckers.
Yees duab: luam tawm ntawm raspberries los ntawm hauv paus tua
Saib xyuas
Kev saib xyuas rau raspberries Bryansk xav tsis thoob hauv kev ua qee yam:
- Kev cog qoob loo. Cov txiv duaj tsis nyiam thaj ze ntawm cov nroj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hom nplej.
- Nkawv. Lub Bush yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj ntau tshaj li 5-7 ceg, txij li thaum tua ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog branched, ib tug loj ntawm lawv yuav tsim ib qho kev qhia tsis tau ntawm lub hnub ci.
- Hlob. Qhov ntau yog picky txog av noo noo. Ib txheej tuab ntawm cov tawv ntoo ua los ntawm mowed tws nyom, rotted sawdust, peat, nplooj lwg lossis humus yuav pab ua kom dej hauv av.
- Dej Tshoob Tawm. Lawv muaj li 1-2 zaug ib lim tiam, nyob ntawm huab cua. Cov av yuav tsum yog cov av noo kom lub hauv paus tob (40-50 cm). Qhov no yuav tsum tau 2-3 thoob dej hauv ib lub hav txwv yeem.
- Kev hnav khaub ncaws saum toj kawg nkaus.
- Khi rau cov noob tua rau trellis, raws li lawv tuaj yeem poob hauv qab qhov ceeb thawj ntawm sau qoob loo ntau.
- Pruning ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo-kev coj tus kheej tua nyob rau hauv hauv paus nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg thiab hlawv lawv.
- Tu lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo los ntawm nplooj poob hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg.
- Tu cov av nyob hauv qab tsob ntoo los ntawm cov qub mulch tom qab daus yaj thiab hloov nws nrog lub tshiab tom qab kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov tshiab tua.
Lub rooj: pub mis remontant raspberries
Sijhawm | Sab saum toj hnav khaub ncaws muaj pes tsawg leeg |
Hauv lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav thaum ntxov, tsuas yog tom qab daus yaj tas. | Rauv taws tshauv ntawm cov ntoo deciduous 1-2 st. nyob rau hauv ib tug Bush tom qab tshaj watering. |
Tom qab ib lub limtiam (xaiv ib qho ntawm cov khaub ncaws uas pom zoo). |
Kev hnav khaub ncaws sab saum toj yog thov tom qab muaj dej ntau kom thiaj li tsis hlawv cov keeb kwm raspberry. |
Txhua ob lub lim tiam. | |
Nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj, thaum pib ntawm Berry ripening. | Rauv taws tshauv ntawm cov ntoo deciduous 1-2 st. nyob rau hauv ib tug Bush tom qab tshaj watering. |
Nyob rau hauv Autumn, tom qab tshem tag nrho cov tua. | Tom qab tshaj dej, mulch cov av saum toj no txiav bushes nrog manure, humus los yog compost. |
Cov txiv duaj daim nplooj "qhov dav =" 600 "qhov siab =" 450 "/> Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo zoo nkauj muab cov txiv sau qoob loj, cov nqaij zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj
Cov lus: cov kab mob raspberry uas ploj lawm
- Yuav cov khoom cog zoo.
- Kev tiv thaiv txau ntawm cov yub loj hlob ua ntej cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo siav nrog kev daws ntawm Fitosporin ntxiv nrog Cytovit, Epin-ntxiv thiab Zircon (raws li cov lus qhia rau kev npaj) txhua 10-14 hnub.
- Tshem tawm tag nrho cov tua tom qab fruiting thiab hlawv lawv.
- Thaum muaj kev puas tsuaj loj, kev kho cov av thiab qis qis ntawm cov ntoo nrog tooj liab-npaj npaj, piv txwv li, HOM.
Ntshav chaw (los yog didimella) Cov tsos ntawm liab doog confluent me ntsis rau ntawm tua thiab nplooj ntawm raspberries. Cov nplooj qhuav thiab poob tawm. Ulcerative spotting Xim av plooj plooj tshwm rau ntawm nplooj, uas nkag mus ua mob rau sab hauv thiab ua rau tuag nplooj. Anthracnose Me ntsis rau ntawm nplooj thiab cov quag ntawm cov xim daj rau xim txho. Lawv qhuav thiab poob tawm, tawm hauv qhov.
Cov Duab Txuas Duab: Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob
- Nplooj kis tus kab mob anthracnose curl thiab qhuav
- Berries cuam tshuam los ntawm septoria tsis txhim kho, tab sis tuag
- Purplish spotting hauv raspberry stems thiab nplooj
- Nplooj cuam tshuam los ntawm lub rwj fungus maj mam ua nrog qhov thiab tuag tawm.
Cov lus: yuav ua li cas paub txog cov kab tsuag
Kab Tsuag | Puas tsuaj | Kev tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv |
Raspberry beetle | Nws lays qe nyob rau hauv buds, lub larvae gnaw insides ntawm lub paj, thiab Berry tsis khi. |
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Aphid | Nws pib qhov kawg ntawm qhov tua, ntawm nplooj ntoo rov qab, nqus kua txiv los ntawm tsob ntoo thiab nws tsis muaj zog. | |
Mites | Cov me me arachnids nyob sab nraum qab ntawm daim nplooj nplooj thiab noj nws cov ncauj lus. Nplooj curl, qhuav. | Txau raspberry bushes nrog muaj pes tsawg leeg ntoo tshauv (0.5 l ib 5 l dej - rhaub dej sib tov, txias, lim, ntxiv 50 ml ntawm xab npum ntsuab thiab 2 tsp roj av). |
Qia kab tsib midge | Nws nteg qe hauv qhov qis ntawm cov qia, tus kab menyuam tawm ntawm nws sab hauv, ceg ceg withers, hloov daj thiab poob tawm. Gall midge tswm tawm feem ntau ntawm cov ntoo cuam tshuam los ntawm didimella. | Tiv thaiv kev kho mob ntawm raspberries nrog Phytosporin tiv thaiv didimella. |
Cov tub yees duab duab: kab tsuag raspberry
- Cov kab menyuam ntawm lub qia gall midge muab tsim nyob rau hauv swellings (galls)
- Nroj tsuag cuam tshuam los ntawm kab laug sab mites tsis muaj zog, tawm los poob tag
- Aphids densely lo nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov xaus ntawm lub qia thiab nqus cov kua txiv tawm ntawm lawv
- Ib qho kab me me raspberry tuaj yeem nyiag qhov kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov qoob loo feem ntau
Ntxawm
Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo siav nyob rau lub sijhawm thib ib nrab ntawm Lub Yim Hli, kev sau mus txuas ntxiv kom txog thaum huab cua txias txias (lub sijhawm luv luv Cuaj hlis frosts txog -3 o C, qhov no raspberry zam tau yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj thiab txuas ntxiv ua rau txiv hmab txiv ntoo). Cov txiaj ntsig yog siab; 3-4 kg ntawm cov txiv ntseej tuaj yeem muab tau los ntawm hav zoov nyob rau ib lub caij.
Cov qoob loo yuav tau tua ua ntej lub caij nplooj zeeg caij nplooj zeeg
Txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog tuab, thauj tau, tuaj yeem khaws cia rau hauv tub yees kom txog 48 teev. Kev siv cov berries yog dav. Lawv yuav noj tau tshiab, qhuav, khov. Raspberries ua rau zoo heev jam nrog ntshiab syrup thiab tag nrho berries, jellies, jams, compotes.
Yees duab: pitted raspberry jam
Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm gardeners txog raspberries Bryansk xav tsis thoob
Gardeners tau txaus siab rau qhov no raspberry. Nrog rau kev saib xyuas zoo, nws xyaum tsis txhob muaj mob thiab qhia tau qhov zoo ntawm nws. Kev tsim khoom, qhov loj me ntawm cov txiv ntseej thiab lawv cov saj - nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke, Bryanskoe Marvel yog ib qho ntawm thawj hauv cov npe ntawm ntau yam.
Pom zoo:
Pear Hav Zoov Kev Zoo Nkauj: Cov Lus Piav Qhia Thiab Cov Yam Ntxwv Ntawm Ntau Yam, Qhov Zoo Thiab Qhov Tsis Zoo, Cog Thiab Saib Xyuas Cov Yam Ntxwv + Cov Duab Thiab Tshuaj Xyuas
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Cov subtleties ntawm kev cog qoob loo ntawm tus Thawj Tswj Hwm ntau yam: txoj cai cog rau kev cog ntoo thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm tsob ntoo, kev kho thiab tiv thaiv kab mob, kab tsuag. Gardeners tshuaj xyuas
Raspberry Eurasia - Cov Lus Piav Qhia Ntawm Ntau Yam, Cov Duab Thiab Cov Yam Ntxwv, Qhov Zoo Thiab Qhov Tsis Zoo, Cog Thiab Saib Xyuas Cov Yam Ntxwv Nrog Cov Duab Thiab Tshuaj Xyuas
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Raspberry Ntau Cov Txiv Kab Ntxwv Ci Ntsa Iab: Cov Lus Piav Qhia Thiab Cov Yam Ntxwv Ntawm Ntau Yam, Qhov Zoo Thiab Qhov Tsis Zoo, Cog Thiab Saib Xyuas Cov Yam Ntxwv + Duab Thiab Tshuaj Xyuas
Kev piav qhia ntawm raspberry ntau yam Txiv kab ntxwv Miracle. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev cog thiab kev saib xyuas. Ua dab tsis los kom khaws ob npaug. Xyuas. Yees duab video
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Kev piav qhia ntawm Polana remontant raspberry ntau yam: nws qhov zoo thiab kev pom zoo, cov duab thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab. Cov txheej txheem cog qoob, kab tsuag, kab mob thiab kev tswj hwm. Xyuas